Industrial Water Analysis

If you supervise a limited-attendance or unattended boiler then Lenntech can assist you with your water testing requirements.

Boiler water tests available

The specific method of chemical treatment used varies with the type of boiler and the specific properties of the water from which the boiler feed is derived. This is very site specific but Lenntech has the testing capability to cover all your requirements.

A boiler requires testing of three different water types as shown below:

Feedwater

Boiler feedwater is sourced from many different places. Some supplies come from industry owned bores and treatment plants, while others come directly from a council supply, however all feedwater should be analysed in order to correctly determine dose rates of treatment chemicals.

Water quality can change as it passes through a delivery or reticulation system, so it is important to check for various parameters at point of use - ie where it enters the boiler or pre-treatment system.

Boiler feedwater is usually a combination of returned condensate plus pre-treated makeup water from a softener, reverse osmosis, or other purification system. Typical tests used for boiler feedwater include:

• Chloride or salinity
• Conductivity
• Dissolved Oxygen
• Hardness
• Iron and Manganese
• pH
• Silica
• Sulphide
• Suspended Solids
• Total Dissolved Solids
• Turbidity

Not all water supplies will require all the tests shown here, and if the supply is constant the tests will not need to be repeated very often.

Boiler Water

The boiler water itself must be dosed in order for the boiler to run efficiently and safely. A chemical imbalance can lead to corrosion and damage to the system and this damage can ultimately lead to boiler failure and injury.

Boiler water analyses are basically aimed at keeping the parameters within established limits.

Tests include

• Chloride
• Hydroxide P2 Alkalinity
• Nitrate
• pH
• Ph值enolphthalein P1 Alkalinity
• Ph值osphate
• Silica
• Sulphite
• Total Alkalinity
• Total Dissolved Solids

Condensate

Good condensate is the best quality, least expensive water most systems can generate. You do not want to lose it, or contaminate it unnecessarily.

Steam condensate analysis should include

• Ammonia
• Conductivity
• Copper
• Iron
• pH

Cooling tower is a heat removal devices used to eliminate waste heat of air released to atmosphere. This process allows airborne contaminants, organic matters and particles to become deposited into the cooling water. This, combined with the contaminants in the feed water, creates an environment for microorganism growth, solid deposits and scaling.

Improper treated cooling tower water could be an amplifier of biological hazardous agent. The warm and moist environment of a cooling tower favors the growth of Legionella bacteria which causes the outbreak of the deathly Legionnaires' disease. Thus, cooling tower water quality must be monitored in a regular basis to prevent spreading of diseases to users.

Test	Description
Make-up, Raw Water	pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Total Manganese, Sodium, Total Silica, Sulphur, Chloride, Ortho-Phosphate, Total Inorganic Phosphate, Total Zinc
Cooling Tower, Air Washer	pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Total Manganese, Sodium, Total Silica, Sulphur, Chloride, Ortho-Phosphate, Total Zinc
Sea water/Brine	pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Manganese, Total Iron, Total Copper, Total Silica, Sulphur, Ortho-Phosphate, Total Zinc
High Cycle Tower, Jacket, Brine	pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Manganese, Total Iron, Total Copper, Total Silica, Sulphur, Ortho-Phosphate, Total Zinc
Closed System, Glycol	pH, Specific Gravity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Sodium, Total Silica, Sulphur, Chloride
Closed System, Non-Glycol	pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Sodium, Total Silica, Sulphur, Chloride

Test	Description
Acidity as ppm CaCO3	Titration
AEC polymer	Turbidimetric – Spectrophotometric
Benzotriazole (BZT)	HPLC-UV/VIS (Liquid Chromatography)
Bromide	Ion Chromatography (Conductivity)
Carbon, Total	Thermocatalytic, IR (Limit Of Detection = 1 ppm C)
Carbon, Total Organic	Thermocatalytic, IR( Limit Of Detection = 1 ppm C)
Carbon, NPOC	Non Purgeable Organic Carbon (UV/Persulfate) LOD = 0.1 ppm C
NaOH (% w/w)	Titration
Citrate (Citric Acid)	Ion Chromatography (Conductivity)
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand	Closed vial, chromate oxidation, Spectrophotometric
Chloride	Segmented Flow Analysis, spectrophotometric
Chloride	Ion Chromatography (Conductivity) – LOD = 0.1 ppm Ion Chromatography (Conductivity) – LOD = 0.001 ppm
Color, True	APHA PtCo Standard Method, Spectrophotometric
Color, Apparent	APHA PtCo Standard Method, Spectrophotometric
Conductivity (µS/cm) at 25ºC	Electrometric
Cyanide, Free	Acid Distillation, Spectrophotometric
Cyanide, Total	UV-Digestion, Acid Distillation, Spectrophotometric
Fluoride	Ion Chromatography (Conductivity)
HPS I/HPS II	Turbidimetric – Spectrophotometric
Specific Gravity	Specific Gravity at 20ºC
卤素Resistant Azole (HRA)	HPLC-UV/VIS (Liquid Chromatography)
Halides, Total Organic	TOX, coulometric (= AOX + POX)
Halides, Absorbable Organic	AOX, coulometric (includes TOC Analyses)
Halides, Purgeable Organic	POX, coulometric
Humic Acid	Spectrophotometric, Tungsten-Molybdate/Tartrate
Lithium (ppb)	Flame AAS Discount for Li tracer studies (>10 samples) – call lab
Nitrate	Ion Chromatography (Conductivity)
Nitrite	Ion Chromatography (Conductivity)
Nitrogen, Free Ammonia	Destillation, spectrophotometric
Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl	Acid Digestion, Destillation, spectrophotometric
Oxalate	Ion Chromatography (Conductivity)
Oil and Grease/Mineral Oil (LOD = 5 ppm)	Tetrachloro-ethylene extractables, IR Florosil treatment (removal of polar compounds)
Mineral Oil (LOD = 100 ppb)	GC/FID (fraction C10 – C40)
PH	Electrometric
PSD 1 (high TSS)	Particle Size Distribution (Light Scattering)
PSD 2 (low TSS)	Particle Size Distribution (Laser Obscuration)
Ph值osphate, Ortho	Spectrophotometric
Ph值osphate, total Inorganic	酸消化、光谱光度测量的
Ph值osphate, total Inorganic	Acid & Persulphate Digestion, Spectrophotometric
Silica, Reactive (ppb SiO2)	Spectrophotometric
Silica, Total	ICP-AES + acid digestion
Sodium (ppb)	AAS + digestion or filtration
Solids, Total	Drying at 105ºC, gravimetric
Solids, Total Dissolved	Filtration, Drying at 105ºC, gravimetric
Solids, Total Suspended	Filtration, Drying at 105ºC, gravimetric
Solids, Settable	Imhoff cone, after 2 hours
Sulphate	离子色谱- 0.1 ppm SO4(电导率) Ion Chromatography (Conductivity) – 0.001 ppm
Sulfide	Distillation, spectrophotometric
Sulfite	Titration (Iodate-Iodide)
Tannin and Lignin	Spectrophotometric, Tyrosine method
Tolyltriazole	HPLC-UV/VIS (Liquid Chromatography)
Turbidity	Nephelometry
Total Metals (ICP-OES)	Inductive Couple Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Analysis per Element (minimum 2) Filtration (Dissolved metals) Digestion (Total metals)
Total Metals (ICP-MS) (ppt – ppb level) (typical LOD < 1 ppb)	Inductive Couple Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Analysis per Element (minimum 2)
	Filtration (Dissolved metals) Digestion (Total metals)
Volatile Suspended Solids	Gravimetric (at 550ºC)

Particle size distribution can greatly affect the efficiency of any collection device. Settling Chambers will normally only collect very large particles, those that can be separated using sieve trays. Centrifugsl collectors will normally collect particles down to about 20 μm. Higher efficiency models can collect particles down to 10 μm. Fabric filters are one of the most efficient and cost effective types of dust collectors available and can achieve a collection efficiency of more than 99% for very fine particles. Wet scrubbers that use liquid are commonly known as wet scrubbers. In these systems, the scrubbing liquid (usually water) comes into contact with a gas stream containing dust particles. The greater the contact of the gas and liquid streams, the higher the dust removal efficiency. Electrostatc precipitators use electrostatic forces to separate dust particles from exhaust gases. They can be very efficient at the collection of very fine particles.

Measurements techniques	Sieve analysis
	Air elutriation
	Ph值oto analysis
	Optical counting methods
	Electroresistance methods
	Sedimentation methods
	Laser diffraction methods
	Acoustic spectroscopy